Liquid-liquid extraction columns are pivotal in a range of industrial applications, from nuclear fuel reprocessing to hydrometallurgy and environmental remediation. These systems operate by contacting ...

Chromatography is an analytical technique that is used to separate and analyze complex mixtures. Chromatography works by distributing the components of a mixture between two phases, known as the ...

Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) remains a cornerstone of separation technology, with column dynamics and mass transfer playing pivotal roles in optimising performance. A comprehensive understanding of ...