The modulators are the basic requirement of the communication systems they are designed to reduce the channel distortion & to use in RF communication hence many type of carrier modulation techniques ...
(c) Capacity in bits per second per Hertz vs. Bit to Noise Ratio (Capacity vs Eb/No) (d) Bit Error Rate vs. Bit to Noise Ratio (BER vs Eb/No) Symbol Error Rate vs. Es ...