Major changes in the chemical composition of the world's oceans enabled the first large organisms -- possibly some of the earliest animals -- to exist and thrive more than half a billion years ago, ...

We have calculated the figure of equilibrium of a rapidly rotating, differentiated body to determine the shape, structure, and composition of the dwarf planet Haumea. Previous studies of Haumea’s ...

Plants can be infected by multiple viruses at once. However, the composition of the pathogen community varies, even if individuals belong to the same species and the same population. Ecologists have ...