Surface roughness refers to the fine texture of a part’s surface. Every manufactured part’s surface has three main components—form, waviness, and roughness—that influence how well a part performs. The ...

Lithium-ion batteries charge and discharge because their lithium ions can move in both directions between positive and negative electrodes. Lithium-ion batteries have generally been used in a compact ...

Surface roughness influences many mechanical properties, including friction and adhesion, surface reactivity, semiconductor substrate quality, and surface interaction with electromagnetic waves, ...