Markov chains and queueing theory together provide a robust framework for analysing systems that evolve randomly over time. Markov chains describe stochastic processes where the future state depends ...

The idea of String Theory is that our Universe came from a higher-dimensional, more symmetric, more complex state with an enormous number of degrees of freedom. In order for String Theory to be solved ...

Queuing theory is the mathematical analysis of waiting in line. The line might involve data waiting for processing, equipment parts waiting in an assembly line or people waiting in line at various ...

Ian G. McCarthy receives funding from UKRI's Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). He works for Liverpool John Moores University. Given how unfathomably large the universe is, it is ...

Queueing theory—a mathematical framework that’s typically used to study, understand, and manage wait times and lines—is usually applied to improve efficiency in settings such as grocery stores, ...