The Laws of Thermodynamics are the foundation of heat transfer and energy work. When any engineer is designing or implementing a system, the consideration of heat loss or energy produced is influenced ...

Most thermodynamic measurements of binding reactions rely on the validity of the law of mass action and the assumption of a dilute solution. Yet, important biological systems such as allosteric ligand ...

Supramolecular assemblies are essential for biological function and in many aspects the field of supramolecular chemistry has been inspired by biology. Compelling illustrations of complex assemblies ...

Thermodynamic properties play a central role in understanding electrochemical systems, offering insights into the energy exchanges and phase equilibria governing material behaviour. Advances in ...

The physics of thermodynamics, which involves quantities like heat and entropy, offers well-established tools for determining how far from equilibrium an idealised system of particles is. But when it ...

For more than a century, thermodynamics has described how heat flows and engines run, while quantum mechanics has ruled the strange behavior of atoms and photons. Physicists have long suspected that ...