The digital computing world is built on a structure of Boolean logic applied to binary values — one or zero, yes or no, in or out. But this powerful structure is a gross oversimplification of the real ...

In a previous article, we explored the Strong Artificial Intelligence Hypothesis, first presenting a low-level description based on the notion of a neural network (bottom-up framework). In this work, ...

By operating in the gray zone, states preserve escalation optionality, avoid reputation-locking commitments, and retain the ability to shift posture without incurring sudden political or strategic ...

Then in the early 20th century, Jan Lukasiewicz proposed a three-valued logic (true, possible, false), which never gained wide acceptance. In 1965, Lotfi A. Zadeh of the University of California at ...

Fuzzy logic provides a mathematical framework for dealing with imprecise and vague concepts, proving particularly amenable to the challenges posed by natural language. Its capacity to navigate ...